Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X philosophies Essay -- civil rights

The main thing essential for the triumph of insidiousness is for acceptable individuals to sit idle. The Civil Rights Movement started soon after the finish of World War II. The United States took a major turn with the Supreme Court’s choice in the Brown versus the Board of Education case. This choice started a transformation that eternity changed America. When this development started, it didn’t stop, there was no turning around and Martin Luther King Jr. understood this while Malcolm X didn‘t. He lectured a change that African Americans would develop yet just through peacefulness. Martin Luther King’s theory seemed well and good for America in the 1960’s in light of the fact that it pushed America forward, it halted killings through peacefulness and love, and it assembled to make everybody equivalent and. In spite of the fact that Martin Luther King Jr. furthermore, Malcolm X appear to have shared regard and warmth, their methods of reasoning were very unique in relation to one another .Malcolm X clarified that he accepted that the African Americans and the White individuals ought to stay isolated however ought to be viewed as equivalent to one another. He told white individuals â€Å"work in conjunc...

How music affects emotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How music influences feelings - Essay Example In spite of the fact that passionate responses happen inside individuals, the greater part of the occasions, different factors or individuals incite these responses. Music is the ideal case of a factor that effects and impact intensely on human feelings. Music impacts significantly on the feelings and inspire responses, for example, satisfaction, pity, and tension. Besides, it prompts pressure or the unwinding of individuals. The monstrous capacity and force that music has is unmatchable and irrefutably solid. Music effectively controls human beings’ feelings and the cerebrum in a straightforward yet a sweet and energizing way. Music truly impacts the cerebrum that triggers a scope of enthusiastic reaction from people. Despite the fact that the passionate substance of most music is emotional, it has practically no effect on the capacity to trigger sentiments and responses in people. Therefore, different individuals appreciate and experience music in various manners that enormously influences their recollections both decidedly and adversely. The distinction in encountering shifted feelings immensely relies upon the earth and state of mind of the individual tuning in to the music. Moreover, culture, character, and inclination additionally assume a huge job in deciding a person’s passionate encounter when tuning in to music. Besides, different sorts and kinds of music evoke extraordinary and di fferentiating feelings among the audience members Music effectively makes individuals cheerful and stirred up at various occasions. Albeit seeking after close to home satisfaction is significant and pertinent to a great many people, some view it as an egotistical and conceited act. Significant keys and fast beats cause joy among audience members. This sort of music raises the state of mind making and euphoria feeling among the audience members. Besides, cheerful and energized individuals will in general keep up and improve their disposition by tuning in to energetic music. Listening to such sort of music at such minutes is characteristic and individuals have no clarification for this. Also, music serves a

Cocaine Abuse Affects Decision Making and Memory

Cocaine Abuse Affects Decision Making and Memory Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Print Cocaine Abuse Affects Decision Making and Memory By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on December 06, 2019 JamesBrey/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Long-term cocaine users can lose some of their ability to memorize and remember even simple items and can have their decision-making abilities impaired, according to an MRI examination of the brains of cocaine abusers. Chronic cocaine abuse is directly related to dysfunction in areas of the brain involved in higher thought and decision-making. Researchers say the resulting cognitive deficits may help explain why cocaine abusers persist in using the drug or return to it after a period of abstinence. The study was conducted by Dr. Robert Hester of Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, and Dr. Hugh Garavan of Trinity College and the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Damage to the Dopamine System Addictive substances such as cocaine can damage the dopamine system in the brain, and there is a high concentration of dopamine receptors in brain regions involved in higher-order decision-making processes, says NIDA Director Dr. Nora D. Volkow, in a news release. By employing functional neuroimaging to examine the neural changes that often result from chronic cocaine abuse, these scientists have identified another aspect of cocaines effect on the brain that may help explain why individuals persist in these behaviors despite the negative consequences. Drug Addiction and the Pathological Pursuit of Rewards In the study, the scientists enlisted 15 active cocaine abusers and 15 healthy individuals who have never used the drug. Each participant completed a task in which they viewed memory lists of letters for six seconds and rehearsed each list for 8 seconds. They later pressed a button when they were presented with a letter that was not part of the preceding list. During the task, the participants brains were analyzed via functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that illustrates nerve cell activity during the performance of a specific task. Cocaine Affects Higher Brain Functions The cocaine abusers were significantly less accurate than the controls. The scientists found that the demands of working memory required increased activation of two brain regions, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the prefrontal cortex. Previous research that examined cognitive function in cocaine abusers identified decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, says Dr. Garavan. But our study is the first to show that the difficulty cocaine users have with inhibiting their actions, particularly when high levels of reasoning and decision-making are required, relate directly to this reduced capacity for controlling activity in the ACC and prefrontal regions of the brain. How Using Cocaine Affects Your Body

Who Are the Sun Gods and Goddesses

Who is the sun god? That varies by religion and tradition. In ancient cultures, where you find deities with specialized functions, youll probably find a sun god or goddess, or several within the same religious tradition. Riding Across the Sky Many sun gods and goddesses are humanoid and ride or drive a vessel of some sort across the sky. It may be a boat, a chariot, or a cup. The sun god of the Greeks and Romans,  for example, rode in a four-horse (Pyrios, Aeos, Aethon, and Phlegon) chariot. In Hindu traditions, the sun god Surya travels across the sky in a chariot pulled by either seven horses or a single seven-headed horse. The chariot driver is Aruna, the personification of dawn. In Hindu mythology, they fight the demons of darkness. There may be more than one god of the sun. The Egyptians differentiated among the aspects of the sun and had several gods associated with it: Khepri for the rising sun, Atum for the setting sun, and Re for the noontime sun, who rode across the sky in a solar bark. The Greeks and Romans also had more than one sun god. Female Sun Deities You may notice that most sun deities are male and act as counterparts to female moon deities, but dont take this as a given. Sometimes the roles are reversed. There are goddesses of the sun just as there are male deities of the moon. In Norse mythology, for example, Sol (also called Sunna) is the goddess of the sun, while her brother, Mani, is the god of the moon. Sol rides a chariot that is drawn by two golden horses. Another sun goddess is  Amaterasu, a major deity in the Shinto religion of Japan. Her brother,  Tsukuyomi, is the god of the moon. It is from the sun goddess that the Japanese imperial family is believed to be descended. Name Nationality/Religion God or Goddess? Notes Amaterasu Japan Sun Goddess Major deity of the Shinto religion. Arinna (Hebat) Hittite (Syrian) Sun Goddess The most important of three Hittite major solar deities Apollo Greece and Rome Sun God Freyr Norse Sun God Not the main Norse sun god, but a fertility god associated with the sun. Garuda Hindu Bird God Helios (Helius) Greece Sun God Before Apollo was the Greek sun god, Helios held that position. Hepa Hittite Sun Goddess The consort of a weather god, she was assimilated with the sun goddess Arinna. Huitzilopochtli (Uitzilopochtli) Aztec Sun God Hvar Khshaita Iranian/Persian Sun God Inti Inca Sun God The national patron of the Inca state. Liza West African Sun God Lugh Celtic Sun God Mithras Iranian/Persian Sun God Re (Ra) Egypt Mid-day Sun God An Egyptian god shown with a solar disk. Center of worship was Heliopolis. Later associated with Horus as Re-Horakhty. Also combined with Amun as Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. Shemesh/Shepesh Ugarit Sun goddess Sol (Sunna) Norse Sun Goddess She rides in a horse-drawn solar chariot. Sol Invictus Roman Sun God The unconquered sun. A late Roman sun god. The title was also used of Mithras. Surya Hindu Sun God Rides the sky in a horse-drawn chariot. Tonatiuh Aztec Sun God Utu (Shamash) Mesopotamia Sun God

Types of Vegetative Propagation

Xuelas Character in Jamaica Kincaids Autobiography of My...

Many critics of The Autobiography of my Mother have remarked on the unrealistic facets of Xuelas extremist character. Her lack of remorse, her emotional detachment, her love of the dirty and impure, and her consuming need for total control over everyone and everything around her give her an almost mythic quality. A more well-rounded, humanistic character would have doubts and failings that Xuela does not seem to possess. In light of Xuelas deep-seated resentment of authority, stubborn love of the degraded and unacceptable, intense rejection of the à ¬master-slaveà ® relationship, and--most pointedly--her hatred of the British and British culture, many critics have embraced the idea that Xuela is highly symbolic of the conquered, colonized†¦show more content†¦Early in her life, Xuela rejects her racial stereotype but does not make public her higher self esteem. Even as a child, she keeps to mostly to herself, and because of this, hardly anyone understands her. As Xuela ages, she becomes preoccupied with the concept of master-slave relationships. Walking by a church on Sunday morning, she hears a hymn floating through the window: O Jesus I have promised/ to serve Thee to the end/ Be Thou forever near me/ my Master and my friend, to which her reaction is, Let me tell you something: this Master and friend business, it is not possible; a master cannot be a friend. And who would want such a thing, master and friend at once? (184). Xuela also sees her relationship with her father as having the overtones of a master-slave relationship. She is embittered by this dynamic, and her resentful spirit takes it to heart. Xuela will not be anybodys servant. Although Xuela never clearly addresses her contempt for the British conquerors, her distaste for the British finds expression in many passages throughout the book. Xuela remarks that A man proud of the pale hue of his skin cherishes it especially because it is not a fulfillment of any aspiration, it was not his through any effort at all on his part; he was just born that way, he was blessed and chosen to be that way and it gives him a special privilege in the hierarchy of everything (181). She continues by comparing such a man to herself, who owns nothing (182).Show MoreRelated Language in Jamaica Kincaids Autobiography of My Mother Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Language in The Autobiography of My Mother  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language. It is the way words flow into sentences, which flow into paragraphs, which flow into novels. It is the ability of the author to create an intricate web of plot, emotion, symbolism, and relationships through only words. In The Autobiography of My Mother , Jamaica Kincaid uses language in a way that is very simplistic, yet highly effective. Her writing is direct and to the point. There is neither flowery wording not complex sentenceRead MoreAfrican Literature and Culture1447 Words   |  6 Pagesearlier works, the female gender was often perceived as â€Å"the Queen Mother.† Many African writers portray women in traditional roles whereas articles written in the past few decades analyze male-female relationships with a more feminist approach. This paper will analyze articles by leading African writers concerning the representation of the male-female relationship. In 1997, Jamaica Kincaid’s book entitled The Autobiography of My Mother opened the eyes of readers to the life of the protagonist and narrator

Social deterioration in “The Crucible” Essay Example For Students

Social deterioration in â€Å"The Crucible† Essay The deterioration of Salem’s social structure precipitated themurders of many innocent people. Arthur Miller’s depiction of theSalem witch trials, The Crucible, deals with a community thatstarts out looking like it is tightly knit and church loving. Itturns out that once Tituba starts pointing her finger at thewitches, the community starts pointing their fingers at eachother. Hysteria and hidden agendas break down the social structureand then everyone must protect themselves from the people thatthey thought were their friends. The church, legal system and thetogetherness of the community died so that children could protecttheir families’ social status. Being isolated from any other group of people with differentbeliefs created a church led Puritan society that was not able toaccept a lot of change. The church was against the devil, at thesame time it was against such things as dancing and otherpremature acts. The reputation of the family was very important tothe members of the community. When the girls were caught dancingin the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but thereputation of their families. They claimed that the devil tookthem over and influenced them to dance. The girls also said thatthey saw members of the town standing with the devil. A communityliving in a puritan society like Salem could easily go into achaotic state and have a difficult time dealing with what theyconsider to be the largest form of evil. Salem’s hysteria made the community lose faith in the spiritualbeliefs that they were trying to strictly enforce. The church lostmany of its parishioners because the interest of the town was nowon Abigail because people wanted to know who was going to be namednext. When the church was trying to excommunicate John Proctor,there were not enough people at church to do it. The people weregetting misled so far as to leave a dagger stuck in the door oftheir minister’s house: Tonight, when I open my door to leave myhouse_a dagger clattered to the ground†¦There is danger forme. (128) were Parris’ exact words. With the conveyer of Godfearing for his life there was no longer anyone but Abigail tolead the community. The justice system is designed to protect the people that itserves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment. The punishment of death was given to allpeople that pleaded not guilty; the other punishment was to pleadguilty and go to jail. John Proctor gave his view of the justicesystem when he said I like not the smell of this `authority’ (29). And do you know that near to four hundred are in the jails fromMarblehead to Lynn, and upon my signature? (85) said Danforth,describing the number of people that were in jail on charges ofwitchcraft. There were so many people executed that Hale commentedthere are orphans wandering from house to house; abandoned cattlebellow on the highroads, the stink of rotting crops hangseverywhere†¦(130) Salem was turning into a ghost town. WithAbigail controlling the community, the church no longer gettingthe whole town to prayer, and an unjust legal system, it isnatural that the people were in a state of total chaos. The unexplained was caused by the devil, so some members of Salemused the unexplained to their advantage. Mrs. Putnam told thetruth when she said, There are wheels within wheels in thisvillage, and fires within fires! 6) Mrs. Putnam did her share ofspreading rumors after she heard that the girls were flying, soshe asked Parris How high did she (Abigail) fly, how high? (11). These rumors happened because people did not want any blame put onto themselves. This `passing the buck’ made people start fightingwith one another such as Corey charging Putnam of having hisdaughter accuse a resident of witchcraft in order to get Corey’sland. Abigail used her power of getting people to listen to her toher advantage when she charged Proctor’s spouse with being a witchso Abigail could live with John. .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .postImageUrl , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:hover , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:visited , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:active { border:0!important; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:active , .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u094ca53bb763baa1592dac28973f1fab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet coursework EssayThis again proves that Abigailhad control of the town and the unexplained turned neighboragainst neighbor. The social breakdown in Salem was the major factor in the tragedythat took the lives of many innocent people. There was more thanone tragedy in The Crucible. The first was the murdering of manyinnocent people, and the second was that a community that was oncevery close had been broken apart. It appeared that the people ofSalem were like a family but isolation actually made them unableto adapt to a troublesome situation.

The Mirror By Sylvia Plath Essays - Barbie Films, Barbie

The Mirror by Sylvia Plath There is a noticeable comparison between the poem "The Mirror" By Sylvia Plath & the article "Barbie" that appeared in the Newsday Tuesday November 18, 1997. The comparison is about how people look, and how society could reflect how you may feel about your looks. In the poem "The Mirror" it tells about a lady who dislikes the way she looks. She thinks of herself as being ugly. In the article it tells how Mattel (the makers of Barbie) want to change the looks & features of Barbie. The reason for wanting to change the looks is because the makers of Barbie made Barbie to pretty. Compared to normal people. Now being pretty is not a bad thing. But for little girls growing up they may feel like they want to look like Barbie. Barbie is very skinny and has a great face. So little girls may stop eating or doing other things, so they could look like Barbie. But it wont happen, Barbie is a doll. People are real not Barbie dolls. In the poem it shows how the lady wants to be pretty. So the lady takes short cuts to make her self look better to her self. Such as being in a candle lit rooms. But when the lady is in a regular lit room she becomes ugly to her self again. The reason Mattel is changing the appearance of Barbie is because little girls impact on the way society looks upon them. And this could hurt somones self esteem, and could damage the way someone looks upon ones self. In the poem the girl tries to make her self prettier, by creating artificial pretty ness. But in the end the mirror never lies. The poem & the article compare about how the way people look ad feel, and how society has a role on their lives.

Cam Profile Essays

Cam Profile Essays Cam Profile Paper Cam Profile Paper {text:bookmark-start} {draw:frame} TERMPAPER of PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED By- Name- Gurpreet Singh Class- Mech. Diploma {B-Tech 6yrs} Section- Rj0708 Roll No. Rj0708x30 Reg. No. 4180070122 INRIDUCTION {text:bookmark-start} A Simple Experiment: What is a Cam? {text:bookmark-end} {draw:frame} Simple Cam experiment Take a pencil and a book to do an experiment as shown above. Make the book an inclined plane and use the pencil as a slider (use your hand as a guide). When you move the book smoothly upward, what happens to the pencil? It will be pushed up along the guide. By this method, you have transformed one motion into another motion by a very simple device. This is the basic idea of a cam. By rotating the cams in the figure below, the bars will have either translational or oscillatory motion. Task Basic Principle Graphical Layout of Cam Profiles Simulation Task The task is too determining the exact shape of the cam. Surface required to dwliver a specified follower motion, we assume here that the reqired motion has been completely determine,,,, graphically as well as analytically. We will only address the case of plate cams. Basic principle In constructing the cam profile, we employ the principle of kinematic inversion, imagining the cam to be stationary and allowing the follower to rotate apposite to the direction of cam rotation. Talking the cam with knife-edge follower for example, the locus generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam is identical to cam surface. By this way cam surface can be figured out. GRAPHICAL LAYOUT OF CAM PROFILE For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure the displacement diagram of follower is given s=s. onstruct the plate cam profile. For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} Step 1; divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Step 2:- divide the prime circle into corresponding segments. Step 3:- transfer distances, by means of dividers, from the displacement diagram directly onto the Cam layout to locate the corresponding positions of the trace point. For the case of reciprocating knife-edge follower {draw:frame} Step 4:- draw the smooth curve through these points. The curve is just the required cam profile. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given S=S. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower Construct the plate cam profile. {draw:frame} Step 1:- construct the prime circle with radius ro. step 2 ;- construct the offset circle with radius equal to the amount of offset e. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower {draw:frame} Step 3:- Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Srep4: Divide the offset circle into corresponding segments and assign station number to the boundaries of these segments. Step 5:- Construct lines tangent to the offset circle from these station, dividing the prime circle into corresponding segments Step 6:- Transfer distances, by mean of dividers, from the displacement diagram directoly onto the cam layout to locate the corresponding positions of the trace point, always measuring outward from the prime circle. For the reciprocating flat-face follower {draw:frame} As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given, S=S. Construct the plate cam profile Step 1; Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segments. Step 2:- Divide the prime circle into corresponding segments. Step 3:- Transfer distances from the from the displacements diagram directly onto the cam layout. Step 4:- Construct a line representing the flat face of the follower in each position. Step 5:- construct a smooth curve tangent to all follower positions. This curve is required cam profile For the case of oscillating follower As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower, radious of prime circle, and follower length are given. draw:frame} Construct the plate cam profile Step 1:- Divide the displacement-diagram abscissa into a number of segment. Seep 2:- Draw a circle about camshaft center O with radius OA. Step 3:- Divide the circle and give the station number correspond to the displacement diagram. {draw:frame} Step 4; Draw arcs about each of these centers, all with equal radial corresponding to the l ength of follower. Step 5:- Calculate the angular displacement at each station traveled by the follower. Step 6; Measure outward along the arc from the prime circle to locate trace point at each Station. draw:frame} Step 7:- construct a smooth curve through these points. The curve is just the required cam profile. For the case of reciprocating offset roller follower As shown in figure, the displacement diagram of the follower is given. S=S. The offset distances e, radius of prime r, are also known. Formulate the equation of plate cam profile. {draw:frame} Step 1:- Equation prime curve circle, offset circle, and the initial position of the follower. Draw prime circle, offset circle, and the initial position of the follower. Define the Cartesian coordinate system O-xy. Rotate the follower backward arbitrary angle around the camshaft center O. {draw:frame} Determine the coordinate (x,y) of trace point B. The synthesis results can be validated by simulation. Here is an example. The simulation is done with software ADAMS/VIEW. Example : Design a plate cam profile, as shown in below. {draw:frame} Knowing: the cam profile rotates with constant angular velocity in clockwise. The radius prome circle ro=30mm. the knife-edge follower rises with uniform motion, and the lift is 50mm during which the rotates 180’. Then the follower dwells during which the cam rotates 60’. With cam rotating 120’ to complete the work cycle, the follower returns to its initial position with paraboric motion. {draw:frame} Follower displacement: Solid dark line- actual displacement Dash linegiven displacement {draw:frame} Simulation shows that the error b/w the actual follower displacement and given follower displacement varies, but the maximum absolute error is 0. 3747mm. The error is brought by step lenth of programming and simulation and is accepatable. Therefore the the synthesis result is proved to be correct.

Valid Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Valid Arguments - Essay Example If Christ the messiah was not a great person, why does history refer to him in the counting of the years using BC for years before Christ and AD for years after Christ? The challenge of the atheist is not the existence of God but on the reason why they should believe in his existence. Events in the world do not occur as successions or fate but appear to be arranged in a sequential order. For instance, the existence of related species such as the Donkey and the Zebra defies the philosophy of the atheists of the survival for the fittest and the extinction of the species as a result of non-conformity. In actual sense, all creature sin the world appears to be very unique and complex defying the evolution theory by Darwin. The evolution theory by Darwin states that organism evolved from simple to complex but biology has proved that even the simplest organism or organelle such as flagella is complex in its composition and operations (Narelle 56). According to Christians, fate is a circumstance through which God performs a miracle and remains anonymous. The events in the world are complex such as a baby surviving a plane crash while in actual sense he or she cannot even walk or save her. Such event illustrate that there is a force in the universe that one cannot recognize or accept easily if not by faith. Faith is the substance that creates an atheist and a Christian. To believe in the existence of God faith comes into play while to believe that god does not exist, faith comes into play. Therefore, it is evident that the existence of God is directly linked with the personal faith and choice. When evaluating the existence of God, it is important to understand the occurrence of events and the link with what atheists believe is fate. If its fate only, why does the fate occur in certain circumstances and not all the cases. Such occurrence proves that there is a supernatural force that control

Mobile Phones Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mobile Phones Marketing - Case Study Example As wireless technologies evolve the coming mobile revolution will bring dramatic and fundamental changes to the world. This revolution has already begun and is gaining momentum. The revolution will impact numerous facets of our daily lives and the way business is conducted and will provide important data in real time to assist decision makers exert great influence on communications between businesses and their customers and transform the way we live our lives. The challenges facing mobile services, such as changes in business strategies, investment risk, limitations in mobile devices, networking problems, infrastructure constraints, security concerns, and user distrust in mobile applications and these provoke the researcher's issues such as killer applications, usability, user interfaces, mobile access to databases, and agent technologies. To remain competitive, mobile-device vendors, developers, and network operators must provide end users with a rich and satisfying experience. Mark eting have a great role in promoting wider and broader concept of IT business. Now we should see what are Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry Smart Phones and what all concepts and business models have been used by both. Data is mainly collected through secondary sources. Collection of information is called a data. Data is of two types. They are primary data and secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process. Secondary data may be published or unpublished data .For this particular study secondary data used is "Market led strategic change" of Prof. Nigel F. Piercy, which is used as marketing tool and its concept. Secondary data is used for preparing company profile, and previous reports. Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry: With all of the millions of iPhones already used by highly satisfied users including many corporate executives Apple has been pushed to add features to the iPhone to make it easier for IT staff to manage and integrate into the existing systems. This will enable iPhone users to gain access to server updates pushed from Exchange as they are updated on the server, rather than requested by the client at regular intervals like a typical email program. "When Apple announced that the iPhone would incorporate Exchange support through ActiveSync, they specifically pointed out some shortcomings of RIM's server-based system." (Kim 2008). Apple also highlighted the thousand of existing web-based applications that already work on the iPhone. One major challenge Apple faces in bumping the iPhone up to 3G is that it will require more battery power to operate and the iPhone already has significantly shorter battery life than comparing with other phones. So the company will need to improve the device's battery life but for the current users frequently need to recharge their battery every day. "Apple has given technology managers their iPhone wish list in full in an effort to make its phone more business friendly. The mission: Lure enough enterprises to the iPhone so Apple can hit its 10 million unit goal by the end of 2008." (Dignan 2008). Apple IPhone is the multimedia mobile phone, which enable internet connectivity with touch screen, virtual keyboard, camera phone and portable media player (ipod) along

Crowdsourcing As An Effective E Commerce Strategy Business Essay

Crowdsourcing As An Effective E Commerce Strategy Business Essay ABSTRACT With the growing trend of social websites and their usage for e-commerce activities, crowdsourcing has become an innovative strategy to conduct e-commerce. The paper aims to explore on its effectiveness as an e-commerce strategy, firstly by trying to understand the history of crowdsourcing. Secondly the paper will look at the methodology and definitions of various types of crowdsourcing. Thirdly, the paper will define how crowdsourcing is used in e-commerce. Next, some case studies of business that uses crowdsourcing are discussed, with analysis on its success and failures. Finally, the paper will provide suggestion on how crowdsourcing can be an effective strategy. 1. INTRODUCTION Introduced by Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson in the June 2006 issue of Wired magazine, the term crowdsourcing describes a process of how new web-based businesses organize labor, by outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by contractors or employees, to a community (usually online) through what amounts to an open call for proposals. Howe offers the following definition: Simply defined, crowdsourcing represents the act of a company or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally large) network of people in the form of an open call. This can take the form of peer-production (when the job is performed collaboratively), but is also often undertaken by sole individuals. The crucial prerequisite is the use of the open call format and the large network of potential laborers. (Howe, 2006) Howe further explained that true crowdsourcing involves a company accepting the idea received, processing it and producing for sale; and the idea provider being rewarded, in most cases, monetarily. This is to differentiate crowdsourcing from open sourcing, which is a cooperative activity initiated and voluntarily undertaken by members of public. In other words, crowdsourcing happens when a company posts a problem online, individuals in the community offer solutions to the problem, the winning ideas are awarded some form of a monetary reward, and the company mass produces the idea for its own gain. In another article, titled Power of Crowdsourcing, by Matt H. Evans, he states that Crowdsourcing taps into the global world of ideas, helping companies work through a rapid design process. From both definitions, it can be understood that crowdsourcing needs a channel that is able to reach out to the masses to be effective, and the most obvious choice is the internet. This is further complimented by the rise of Web 2.0 technologies, whereby individuals are able to interact and define the web rather than being passive browsers of the web. This makes crowdsourcing even more attractive as it allows companies to tap into the potential vast collective intelligence of the masses to achieve their business strategy. As such, e-commerce businesses (businesses that uses the internet to handle the buying and selling of products or services) are the most likely adopter of crowdsourcing technique for their e-commerce strategy. E-commerce strategy is the plan and courses of action that a company undertakes to offer its products and services on the internet to achieve its business goal. For companies that have existing offline operations, e-commerce strategy will most likely be focused on integrating its offline operations into an online presence. This will include how to best represent the company online, the infrastructure and framework required to do so and the range of activities needed to promote the companys core activities on the World Wide Web. Another reason that crowdsourcing is gaining popularity is because in todays globalised market, competition in innovation is very fierce and in-house research and development is getting more costly. As mentioned in The Global Brain, by Nambisan Sawhney, 2008, These forces rapidly decreasing product life cycles, decreasing internal innovation productivity, and global competition together are creating a Red Queen effect  [1]  in innovation: Companies have to invest more and more just to maintain their market position. This make crowdsourcing a viable option, as it allows the tapping into the vast intelligence of the masses, like what former Sun Chief Scientist, Bill Joy says, Most of the smart people in the world dont work for your company. More importantly, this intelligence can be obtained at relatively low cost. 2. POPULUARITY OF CROWDSOURCING To understand the current popularity of crowdsourcing, this paper has referred to PBworks ( http://crowdsourcingexamples.pbworks.com/ ), one of the worlds largest provider of hosted collaboration solutions for business and education, which has a wiki that provides a comprehensive list of companies that uses crowdsourcing. In addition to the wiki, as the list provided by PBworks is purely textual, this paper has also referred to Grant Silverstones article, Friday Fact Box Crowdsourcing ( http://www.gottaquirk.com/2010/01/29/friday-fact-box-crowdsourcing/ ), for graphical representation of the list. Extracted are two graphical breakdowns of industries that use crowdsourcing, one group using purely crowdsourcing as their business strategy, and the other using crowdsourcing as an add-on initiative to their current business, without disrupting their own core business strategy. In the chart (Fig 1.1), it shows the current industry breakdown of companies using Crowdsourcing as their main business strategy. According to PBworks, out of the listed 141 companies, the majority, or 43% belongs to general business, such as marketing, sales, advertising and finance. This is followed by Design (15%) and then Media (13%), while Tourism makes up the least at 1%. Fig 1.1 (Source: Grant Silverstone, Friday Fact Box Crowdsourcing) In addition to that, in Fig 1.2, it shows that of these 141 companies, a huge majority comes from USA (65%), Europe (13%) and UK (6%), while Brazil, Africa and Russia only make up 1% each. Fig 1.2 (Source: Grant Silverstone, Friday Fact Box Crowdsourcing) From these two charts, it can be derived that majority of companies using crowdsourcing efforts are those in industries that traditionally requires large community networks (such as sales, news and marketing) and creativity capacity (such as design, advertisement, media). While industries that requires specific skills (such as Education) and are more systematic (such as Science and IT) are less popular with companies to consider using crowsourcing as a business strategy. Moreover, crowdsourcing is mainly engaged in western countries, which the economy and infrastructure are much more developed. This is an important factor as mentioned earlier that a good networking channel is needed for the success of crowdsourcing. Next in Fig 1.3, it shows the industry breakdown of companies that initiated crowdsourcing efforts to complement their current business strategy, with the majority from IT at 33%. It is also interesting to note too that nearly all these companies in the list are big players in the industry, such as Adobe, BMW, Nokia and so on. Fig 1.3 (Source: Grant Silverstone, Friday Fact Box Crowdsourcing) From the chart and the list, it can be seen that currently, crowdsourcing is still a new idea and not attractive enough to draw companies to venture into it as a complement process to their existing business strategy. However, big companies, with huge resources, do see the potential of crowdsourcing and are able to invest into it. This is also the reason why IT industry is the major contributor to crowdsourcing initiatives, as they have the knowledge and expertise to tap on the internet to maximize crowdsourcing potential. 3. Examples of Business using Crowdsourcing To understand how crowdsourcing is currently being used in businesses and its effectiveness, it is necessary to look at real cases. The paper will look into 3 companies, each with distinctive methods of engaging crowdsourcing, namely Threadless, Amazon Mechanical Turk and Cambrian House. Threadless Threadless is a community-centered online apparel store launched in 2000 by Jake Nickell and Jacob DeHart, with $1,000 in seed money after entering and meeting in an Internet t-shirt design contest. They wanted to start their own design competition, but instead of hiring a jury, they decided to let the designers themselves pick the winner. Source: Threadless: http://www.threadless.com How it works In the beginning, members of the Threadless community will submit their t-shirt designs online, where the designs are then put to a member vote. The winner would get free T-shirts bearing the winning design, while everyone else would get to buy the shirt. Currently, Threadlesss receives on average, one thousand designs in any given week, of which, only ten designs from the voted top hundred to print and sell through an online store. DeHart and Nickell also increased the bounty paid to these winners to $2,000 in cash, a $500 gift certificate ($200 in cash if they trade in the certificate), as well as an additional $500 for every reprint. This is because limited batches are printed and sold out shirts will only be re-printed if there is enough demand from customers requesting for a re-print. On occasion, special contests will run in association with various sponsors. These contests set a theme for designs, with a selection of additional prizes, often related to the sponsor, being awarded to the chosen winner. How Successful was Threadless The Threadless community is currently six hundred thousand strong, producing about one thousand designs for voting each week. In 2006, Threadless had managed to generate $17 million in revenues and it is still growing rapidly. Threadless boasts, according to Jeffrey Kamikoff (Threadless Chief Creative Officer), incredible profit margins. Each shirt that sells for between $12 to $25 is produced at a cost of just $5. Moreover, Threadless need not do any advertising or marketing, as the community itself will self-perform such functions. The designers will persuade friends and community members to view and vote for their work. Threadless will also rewards the community for those who submit photos of themselves wearing a Threadless shirt or refers a friend who buys a shirt with store credits (worth $1.50 and $3.00 respectively). This crowdsourcing strategy helps Threadless to sell an average of ninety thousand T-shirts a month. However, Threadless had also suffered by their own success. Their spring sale in March 2008 resulted in serious server downtime, resulting in the offer of $50 vouchers to inconvenienced customers and the promise to never ever let this happen again forever ever. Eighteen months later, a special one day sale to tie into the 09/09/09 date saw Threadless pummeled again by insane amounts of traffic, with users reporting inability to access the site for extended periods some never getting through. The customer experience was impacted by such a lack of planning of traffic which was to be expected from a company dealing with such huge social community. It was only from these experiences that Threadless had begun to look into better managing their wildly fluctuating levels of traffic in their infrastructure. Amazon Mechanical Turk Amazon Mechanical Turk is a service launched on November 2, 2005 by Amazon.com, which was initially invented for in-house use by Peter Cohen as a service to find duplicates among its web pages describing products. As of 2010, though still in beta, Mechanical Turk has grown to be a crowdsourcing internet marketplace for work where businesses (known as Requesters) publish tasks (known as Human Intelligence Tasks or HITS), and workers (known as Providers) complete them for a monetary payment that was set by the Requesters. Amazon Mechanical Turk gives businesses immediate access to a diverse, global, on-demand, scalable workforce and gives Workers a selection of thousands of tasks to complete whenever and wherever its convenient. Source: Amazon Mechanical Turk: https://www.mturk.com How it works Amazon Mechanical Turk, as mentioned is a market place for tasks that computer and machines cannot do, or cannot do it precise enough. These tasks can only be done by human intelligence, such as writing reviews or detecting specific objects in images. The process of Mechanical Turk is firstly, companies will post jobs (HITS) at MTurk (Amazon Mechanical Turk Market Place), then deposit the HITS payout amount into their MTurk account. Next, workers, who are registered members of MTurks, will look for tasks that they feel that they can perform. Once they take up the task, they will be assigned to it, but there will not be any contract. These HITS are tasks that are fairly easy and quick to execute, with most of them being able to be completed under 20 to 30 seconds or less and payout at about 10 to 50 cents. After the HIT is completed and submitted, Amazon Mechanical Turk will automatically transfer the money from the Requesters prepaid HIT balance to the workers Amazon gift certificate account. With the payout, workers can choose to either transfer the money to their bank account or to their amazon.com gift certificate balance. For every task performed, Amazon will take a cut. In addition, Requesters can also give bonus to workers w hom they like the task done. Besides the Official MTurk website, there is another website, Turker Nation (http://www.turkernation.com ), a forum for workers and requestors to meet and discuss the work at hand. Issues with Hits are discussed here. The site is independent from Amazon, and is not related to Amazon in any way. How Successful was Mechanical Turk Since its launch in 2005, the number of worker members in Amazon Mechanical Turk had grown in numbers. By March 2007, there were reportedly more than 100,000 workers in over 100 countries. MTurk is popular with companies as they find that HITS are a very affordable way to outsource large groups of similar tasks that are very simple to complete. Companies find the MT task auction model attractive because it reduces payroll costs of having to employ normal workers to perform such tasks. However, while Companies or Requesters find the cost of engaging MTurk to complete HITS attractive, there are many criticisms. As HITS are typically simple, repetitive tasks and users are paid often only a few cents to complete them, many have criticized Mechanical Turk as a market place for slaves. Moreover, workers are paid as contractors rather than employees, requesters enjoy tax advantages and low cost, and they also avoid laws regarding minimum wage, overtime, and workers compensation. Workers, on the other hand, must report their income as self-employment income. In addition, some requesters have taken advantage of workers by having them do the tasks, then rejecting their submission in order to avoid paying. Amazon.com does not monitor the service and refers all complaints to the poster of the HIT. Nevertheless, in view of such criticism, MTurk is still attracting workers, especially those living in second and third-world economies, because the impact of earning those few extra dollars will be magnified many times over. Cambrian House Launched in 2006, Cambrian House started as a crowdsourcing community that pioneered the idea of harnessing the power of the crowd to create ideas for websites and software products. Its mantra is You think it; crowds test it; crowds build it; you sell it; you profit. Source: Cambrian House: http://www.cambrianhouse.com How it works Cambrian House calls itself a community of people with broad talents and interests to create web-based products that the world wants, markets those products, and shares in the profits. They cater to people with no time to pursue new ideas or anyone with a vision and motivated to submit ideas. The way Cambrian House works is, firstly, Individuals register and create a profile of their capabilities in its website. They can then participate within the community by initiating ideas. The community will then test these ideas and give the approval on those that are feasible. Next, Cambrian House staff will create a brochure site to test the winners popularity and usability within the community. If the idea survives, the contributor will then seek people with passion and skills in the community to construct or co-develop the commercial version of the idea, by awarding them with Royalty Points (the amount you receive for coming up with an original idea) or Cambro (Cambrian Houses currency, 1 Cambro = $1 USD). Cambrian House will fund the project and if needed, they can also seek additional funding from the community. Once the product is created, the project champions can then seek marketers, business development professionals, and or SEO (Search Engine Optimization) experts in the Cambrian House community to deal with the promoting, selling and delivery of the product. Finally, once the product starts to sell, every member that contributed will earn Royalty Points or Cambro that had been negotiated with the business champion. In short, every member in the Cambrian House community can participate by not just giving ideas but also in bringing members ideas to life. There are no limits to number of projects members can join. During every development stage, everyone involved will also participate as peer-reviewers at select decision gates along the way to measure the individuals contribution. Although Cambrian House crowdsources the conception and creation of its products, ideas are subject to editorial review by a core team and actual production is subject to a set of quality guidelines. In the case of conflicting code or design contributions, the community decides which the best is. An example of how Cambrian House involves in every project is its first product (a video game) which was emerged from the community forums and seemed popular, so it risked $8,000CAD on a preliminary website to promote the game. It sailed through the market test selling hundreds of pre-orders at half-price ($9.95CAD) in a single weekend. That response encouraged Cambrian House to invest more for the next development stage. Cambrian Houses eventual goal is to turn each project into a separate, independently funded firm, but only after it has been market-validated. How Successful was Cambrian House The original Cambrian House community was deemed successful as it managed to achieve the most important component of crowdscourcing by attracting 50,000 plus members and more than 7000 ideas from the crowd. However, Cambrian House did not realized that although the crowd was great at thinking and testing, it was less interested when it came to the building element of Cambrian Houses model. Moreover, there are weaknesses in the idea-community model which include the challenge of convincing users to study and vote a rapidly growing pool of ideas, of which some are of relatively low quality, the management difficulty of distributed development, and the large number of duplicate submissions. After unsuccessfully trying to raise a new round of capital, in May 2008, Cambrian House announced the sale of much its assets to the New York-based venture capital company Spencer Trask. While Cambrian House will carry on as a vendor of Crowdsourcing software, its existence as a crowdsourcing community had come to a close. In reflection, Cambrian House CEO Michael Sikorsky states in a letter (excerpt): Indeed, our model failed. In short: we became a destination people loved to bookmark more than they loved to actively visit. The limiting reagent in the startup equation is not ideas, but amazing founding teams. A key assumption for us, which proved out NOT true: given a great idea with great community support and great market test data, we would be able to find (crowdsource) a team willing to execute it OR we could execute it ourselves. We needed amazing founding teams for each of the ideas this is where our model fell short. What we learned: it would have been better to back great teams with horrible ideas because most of the heavy lifting kept falling back on us, or a few select community members. A vicious cycle was created leading all of us to get more and more diffuse. Hence: the wisdom of crowds worked well in the model, but it was our participation of crowds aspect which broke down. Trying to find people willing or capable to take on the offspring (our outputs) of the Cambrian House model was hard and/or incredibly time consuming. (Michael Sikorsky, 2008) The lesson from Cambrian House is that the crowd only is not enough as it needs to be managed and needs an inspiring leader to guide it. 6. How can Crowdsourcing be an Effective E-Commerce Strategy? After looking at the definition and cases of crowdsourcing, it is understood that crowdsourcing has the potential to help e-commerce businesses gain competitive advantage, but like all business strategies, it is does not guarantee success. Nevertheless, crowdsourcing can be effective as an e-commerce strategy by helping companies in 5 ways. Crowdsourcing, firstly, can help companies to do market prediction by using the crowd to understand market desires. Companies can use the crowd to test the appeal of any new business ideas. Besides that, companies can derive from the crowd, emerging market desires and trends. Secondly, in addition to the knowledge of market desire, companies can draw information from crowdsourcing for product and business innovation. Based on information drawn from the crowd, companies can prioritize new business ideas, conduct product tests, rank next best enhancements with existing products and uncover methods to reduce costs and improve service. Thirdly, as mentioned, the knowledge of the crowd is very powerful. As such, crowdsourcing is a good option to solve problems that are difficult to solve internally with the companies current resources, by inviting answers or solutions from the crowd. Companies can also collaborate with the crowd to find new scientific discovery. Fourthly, besides solving internal problems, crowdsourcing can also help to tackle external issues, such as marketing. Companies can invite crowd to help in the creation of campaigns. Lastly, crowdsourcing is relatively much cheaper than hiring workforce for doing similar jobs. As companies only need to reward those who had contributed in the crowd, and it is usually not of huge amount, crowdsourcing is able to help companies to cut cost. With the above it mind, crowdsourcing effectiveness depends on how and under what environment it is used. Based on all the information gathered, the paper has come up with a few key points to effective crowdsourcing. Firstly, the crowd that crowdsourcing wants to tap into must be of substantial size. For example, if Threadless has only a member base of 100, and maintains its process of choosing ten winning designs every week, it will come a time whereby members might lose interest or doubt the integrity of these winning designs. Moreover, one of the characteristic of crowdsourcing is that the crowd is to represent the market, as such, the larger the community or crowd, the better the representation it will be. Secondly, companies must understand the crowd. When companies use crowdsourcing, they are usually targeting a specific community, which is formed by a common interest. Therefore, if companies want to crowdsource, they will need to know the community strengths and weaknesses. For example, if Threadless decides to request its community to submit computer programming works, it might not get anything or the works might be of inferior qualities. Thirdly, companies need to know what they want and need from the crowd. This is one important factor that determines the effectiveness of crowdsourcing. For example, in Amazon Mechanic Turk, if requesters post HITs with ambiguous requirements, the workers might have difficulty understanding what is needed of them and provide works that are irrelevant or not to the intended requirements. This will cause many rejected tasks, which is a waste of time of the companies and crowd, thus causing inefficiency. Next, companies need to recognize the contributions of crowd. Monetary reward is a way to acknowledge the crowds contribution, but usually crowd works mainly not for monetary reason. Participants of crowdsourcing are often leisure users, whose main motivation to participate is to be recognized and feel they are part of the community. The more affiliated they feel towards the community, the more willing they will be in providing help in tasks presented. Lastly, companies need to have adequate resources to manage the crowd and support the output from the crowd. This is one mistake that many companies make when they do crowdsourcing, as they thought the crowd will be able to contribute in every part of their business plan. This is generally not the case, as experienced by Cambrian House. As mentioned in the previous point, the crowd is usually made up of leisure participants, as such, they will be more willing to engage in task that requires less effort like providing ideas and suggestions, as compared to more tedious task like building the actual product which will be avoided. 7. Conclusion The above discussion has shown that crowdsourcing, when used correctly can be highly effective as an ecommerce strategy. It is able to tap into the power of the crowd for knowledge which is virtually unlimited at very low cost. Just like Threadless, by keeping the crowd motivated, business will grow as knowledge from crowd grows. However, it is important to note that there are situations where crowdsourcing is not possible or impractical. First of all, jobs that are confidential in nature, such as lawyers and accountants, and high level jobs, like business process planning, are not possible to be crowdsourced. As shown by Cambrian House, the crowd needs to be monitored by the company and provide resources when needed for successful manifestation of ideas. As such, it is not possible to fully crowsource a business process to the crowd. Internal workforce is still needed as the crowd might not fully understand the companies business models and goals and these internal employees are able to monitor and ensure the crowds contributions are within the companies guidelines and process. Moreover, too much reliance on the crowd could be construed as unethical and open the company up to criticism about the true nature of its social mission. By using Amazon Mechanical Turk, many companies have been seen as operating virtual sweat shops. As such, physical workforce is needed to balance the image of the company.

Spellbound By Alfred Hitchcock :: essays research papers

Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck star in this mystery/thriller that dabbles in psycho-analysis and the troubles of the mind. Constance Peterson is a renowned psycho-analyst, whose ability to analyze data is unquestionable, but who has no life outside of her work. This all changes the day the new Chief of Staff, Dr. Edwardes (Peck) arrives. It is love at first site, and Constance’s barriers break down in a flash. Critics have noted that Alfred Hitchcock always had trouble with women. His films are known for having blond women portraying troubled, morally challenged women. This holds true in Spellbound, with Constance’s initial emotional frigidity, which later gives way to intellectual stupidity. In Spellbound, Hitchcock’s treatment of women is at an all time low. Constance is dismissed repeatedly throughout the film, as not being capable of clear, intellectual thought because she is in love. Before she falls in love, she is dismissed as a cold fish, incapable of feeling, and her femininity is challenged. There is therefore no middle ground left. Despite the inherent sexism of the film, the story is captivating. We soon find out that Edwardes is not who he claims to be. He is in fact an imposter, who has no idea who he really is. Suffering from amnesia, he is impersonating the real Edwardes, who is assumed to be dead. The intrigue is kept high, and we are never certain whether the man, called J.B. after initials found on a cigarette case he found on himself, is a killer or not. Constance, going against reason, decides to help him. Despite evidence to the contrary she will not believe that a man she loves is capable of murder. Spellbound is a good mystery, with entertaining characters, which keeps you guessing until the end. What I found surprising in this film is that everyone in it is so refreshingly smart.

Wicked And Messy Environmentals Problems Environmental Sciences Essay

Human activities over the decennaries have doubtless affected the environment.The coming of industrialisation and technological advancement is one such activity that has been argued as the cause of great harm to the natural environment. Coupled to the increasing demand to supply for the turning populations around the universe, this has led to a myriad of environmental jobs some of which have been described as â€Å" mussy † or â€Å" wicked † . Amidst the huge technological promotions, these wicked jobs still remain unraveled and elusive. They challenge our administration constructions, our accomplishments base and our organisational capacity. It is of import, as a first measure, that wicked jobs be recognized as such. Successfully undertaking wicked jobs requires a wide acknowledgment and apprehension, including from authoritiess and Curates, that there are no speedy holes and simple solutions They are the antonym of â€Å" tame † jobs which have straightforward distinct solutions. Rittel and Webber ( 1973 ) describe wicked environmental jobs as withstanding categorization and devoid of clear cut solutions. They have besides been associated with â€Å" extremist uncertainness † and â€Å" plurality of legitimate positions † ( Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1991 ) .What does this mean for natural resource direction? This suggests that natural resource direction has been plunged into an epoch of turbulency with decreasing effects of the traditional/conventional attack to job resolution. This brings to bear the challenges conservationists and policy shapers have to postulate with in the direction of wicked environmental jobs rather commonplace in modern times. This essay attempts to propose ways by which natural resource direction can be effectual in covering with these wicked jobs. It begins by discoursing four challenges that wicked jobs present: alteration, struggle, complexness and uncertainness. It does that by utilizing the Sierra Nevada Forest and the European cap- and trade plan for C dioxide emanations in the European Union as instance surveies. Finally, proposes that for effectual direction of environmental jobs through policy and pattern, a combination of the precautional, adaptative and participatory attacks must be considered to cut down the uncertainness and complexness associated with wicked environmental jobs. The first challenge associated with wicked jobs is complexness ; a trait Gunderson ( 1999 ) suggests is built-in in natural resource jobs. Complexity implies a trouble in set uping cause and consequence forms due to the presence of mutualities and multiple variables. Complexity is determined by the grade of uncertainness and societal dissension on a peculiar issue ( Patton, 2011 ; Stacy, 1996 ; Zimmerman, 2001 ) .For illustration, the status and tendency exhibited by wildlife populations are as a consequence of the interactions between factors such as anterior population, conditions, marauders, home ground, disease, off-site factors and opportunity events. If there is species decline in a population, which of these factors can be blamed for this result? The reply is non every bit simple as a work outing to a mathematical job since the job may be caused by one of the factors or many moving in concert. The proficient and societal facets of complexness have besides been identified. The former is linked to restrictions in quality of information and a lack in cognition systems which makes the diagnosing of a job really feverish and introduces high degrees of uncertainness. A quotation mark by Lawrence J. Peter alludes that † some jobs are so complex that you have to be extremely intelligent and good informed merely to be undecided about them † . The societal facet on the other manus, emanates from troubles in the coordination of information, activities and stakeholders across several subjects. The differences in positions, values, perceptual experience and beliefs of assorted stakeholders introduces struggle: another challenge in deciding wicked environmental jobs. Adding to complexness is the diverseness and scope of stakeholder values, a formula for conflict.Values have been observed to be a cardinal component in the actions of people ( Rescher, 1969 ) .There is frequently small consensus on what the job is, allow entirely a general solution ( Ritchey, 2005 ; Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) .Whether the issue is about air quality, H2O usage, constructing a dike or protecting forest species, the differing values of stakeholders is non in doubt.Parties normally involved in environmental policy preparation normally span the full length and comprehensiveness of administration, from the politician to the peasant husbandman. Given the trouble of integrating the divergent positions all the parties may lawfully set frontward, struggles have left most environmental problem-solving efforts stranded and engulfed in judicial proceeding. For illustration, a H2O resource contention in Colorado started over a proposed dike ( Bingham, 1986 ) .Some parties declined to take part in the treatment until the inquiry of whether or non a dike was needed was answered. Others thought, a dike was the lone manner to work out the H2O deficit job. However, inquiring the inquiry † how much H2O do we necessitate? † is indispensable to understanding the job which brings into crisp focus problem-framing ; a critical but quite debatable measure in environmental policy preparation. The procedure of problem- bordering involves inquiring inquiries that explore different facets of the job. It ‘s amazing how frequently people fail to inquire what or why a job is happening instead than presuming the solution is apparent ( Watzlawick et al, 1974 ) .This premise of cognizing the solution before researching the job farther has chiefly been associated with experts who may see new jobs every bit precisely as old 1s ( Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982 ) .The presence of conflicting values, hazard and uncertainness does non intend a definite determination can non be taken.It merely stresses the director ‘s demand to believe beyond the traditional attack to job framing and job resolution. neglecting to see that most wicked jobs alone and associated with alteration, another challenge of wicked jobs. As discussed earlier, the assorted mutualities and multiple variables in wicked environmental job makes alteration inevitable phenomenon. Horst Rittel in his paper â€Å" Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning † explains that when covering with wicked jobs one must acknowledge that every wicked job is a symptom of another problem.Considering the fact that ecosystems, societal, econonmic, cognition, engineerings and public attitudes are so dynamic it is sensible for direction schemes and patterns to be dynamic as well.Policies must be continually be adapted to alter every bit good as constructed for local application.Wildavsky et Al, ( 1995 ) suggest that the lone manner to guarantee consistent advancement in dynamic and unsure state of affairss is to take incremental stairss that are bold plenty to go forth room for possible mistakes that enhance acquisition. Uncertainty is another challenge associated with wicked jobs due to the changeless alteration and reappraisal of scientific discipline and development. Therefore, it is rather rare for scientists to hold nem con on something as complex on an environmental or ecosystem level.In a complex unfastened system like the environment, cognition has bounds and certainty is far-fetched. What is the narrative today with the attack to work outing wicked environmental jobs? Is it working? It can be argued that uncertainness truly has played a function in the many statements that have characterized environmental direction treatments and a subscriber to the overplus of entreaties and judicial proceeding. The responses form authorities bureaus have been to bring forth more complex policy paperss warranting their actions and recommending for more research to do up for the cognition spreads that exists with the premise that differences are centrally about scientific discipline. On the contrary, grounds shows that difference in stakeholder places have more to make with conflicting values than with scientific uncertainness. This side of the statement is barely explored ensuing in the formulating of more paperss which have small to make with the underlying jobs. Owing to the fact that environmental direction makes determinations that affect both hereafter and present coevalss. There is a demand for better regulations and moralss to steer environmental directors. Bearing in head the challenges of changing ecological and societal conditions across big and spacial graduated tables, multiple stakeholder groups with really divergent values, high degrees of perceived hazard and scientific uncertainness, many research workers and environmental directors have espoused several theories and patterns which they deem are most appropriate for covering with wicked jobs. In the following subdivisions of this essay, three attacks ; adaptative direction, participatory procedures and the precautional rule will be introduced as the most appropriate for covering with modern-day environmental jobs. Adaptive direction has been argued as a direction scheme that will cover with scientific uncertainness and existent universe illustrations of its pertinence is apparent as reviewed in Stewart et al. ( 2004 ) . It has been associated with changing grades of success across a gamut of instances, each with results that enhance larning. The adaptative attack has been described as a acquisition attack that continually improves policy and pattern in the face of uncertainness and a tool to border philosophical, methodological and practical challenges that come with natural resource direction ( Holling 1978 ; Walters 1986 ; Lee 1993 ; Gunderson et Al. 1995 ) . † Learning by making † is the basic construct of adaptative direction. This attack has been recognized by international interdisciplinary attempts such as the sustainability scientific discipline plan ( Clark and Dixon, 2003 ) , the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) and the Equator Initiative of the United Nations Dev elopment Programme ( UNDP, 2005 ) as holding the possible to cover with the complexness of socio – ecological procedures and enhance acquisition. A instance survey of the on-going success of the adaptative direction attack is shown by Canada ‘s Model Forest. To cut down the uncertainness, complexness while advancing the development of advanced thoughts and sustainability the Federal authorities initiated Canada ‘s theoretical account Forest Program in 1992.The Program consists of 11 theoretical account woods across Canada selected to reflect the diverseness of ecosystems and societal systems present in Canada ‘s Forest environment. Each theoretical account Forest is designed to work as a life research lab where novel integrated forest direction techniques are researched, developed, applied and monitored in a transparent forum that engages and spouses with stakeholders from environmental administrations, industry, native groups, educational and research establishments, community – based associations, recreationists and landholders every bit good as all degrees of authorities. The success from this adaptative attack have been many and includes the development of voluntary wetland preservation plans for private lands ; establishemenrt of protocols for describing on socio economic indexs based on Statistics Canada nose count informations ; developing an ecosystem -integrated resource direction program for the Province of Saskatchewan, production of a codification of forestry pattern to assist landholders understand and use the rules of sustainable forest direction ; constitution of the Grand River Reserve to protect three eco-regions and home ground for the endangered Newfoundland pine marten. Research workers have identified two signifiers ; the passive and active types of adaptative direction ( Wilhere, 2000 ) . The passive is strongly science centred and formulates policy based on theoretical accounts and revises the theoretical accounts as monitoring informations becomes available. The active signifier nevertheless conducts direction action as deliberate experiments. Though the passive is rather simple and cheap the active signifier consequences in better apprehension of the responses of natural systems to direction and can assist develop better policy. However, no individual attack has the complete armory for contending wicked jobs and though adaptative direction has had many successes it has its restrictions. Short term undertaking frames, stiff marks and a focal point of success prompt directors to go on with conventional and controlled direction attacks, even when encouraged by authorities rhetoric to use adaptative attacks ( Allen and Curtis, 2005 ) This restriction is due to the fact that wicked jobs do non merely have scientific uncertainness but besides is engulfed in a overplus of stakeholder struggles. Therefore adaptative direction demands to integrate a societal side as good including institutional barriers. For illustration, institutional stableness, organisational civilization hinged on acquisition and equal political and administrative committedness of resources ( Lee,1993 ) .To be effectual, adaptative direction will necessitate to include cognition from multiple beginnings, system theoretical accounts and support cooperation among stakeholders ( McLain and Lee, 1996 ) .This demand has led to adaptive co-management an attack that combines adaptative and collaborative direction in which rights and duties are jointly shared to better battle the challenges that wicked jobs may convey. Thus, coaction brings into crisp focal point the demand for carefully designed public engagement. Public engagement has become an entrenched construct in the preparation, execution and direction of environmental issues owing to its suitableness for turn toing the involvements of multiple stakeholders and cut downing struggle. It is rather common to see National and subnational authoritiess require the input of the populace in managing and development of environmental policy. An illustration being the US National Environmental policy Act and the US Federal Advisory Committee Act. Thus engagement in decision-making is progressively regarded as a democratic right ( Reed, 2008 ) .Increasing calls for public engagement remainders on many factors including turning misgiving of public establishments and functionaries, inareaing legislative demands for public engagement, the complexness and uncertainness of modern-day jobs, different hazard perceptual experiences and a turning acknowledgment that determinations are non wholly scientific but societal values and political relations are bui lt-in in all administrative determinations. Politicss has non been extricated from how the environment is managed, degree of public engagement and at what point in the policy doing procedure it is incorporated. Participatory procedures besides have a challenge of placing groups of stakeholders and conveying these involvements together in an environment conducive for larning ( Gray,1989 ) .It has besides been associated with intensive resource committednesss ( money, clip and human capital ) , drawn-out determination devising, reduced determination quality, increased struggle and diminished likeliness of a successful result ( Sample, 1993 ; Steelman 2001 ) . The Precautionary attack is one possible response to wicked jobs in the face of uncertainness and hazard. Some bookmans assert that it is a powerful tool for protecting human wellness and the environment under unsure conditions ( Cameron and Boucher, 1991 ) whiles other believe it is ill- defined, unscientific and of small value to policymaking ( Manson 2002 ) . Still many states have some signifier of precautional rule in topographic point when confronted with unsure wellness hazards though they may non explicitly refer to it ( Zander, 2010 ) .While the chief importance of this rule is embedded in proverbs like † better safe than sorry † it cardinal thought is that engineerings or patterns that have the possible to jeopardize the environment should be banned or strongly regulated until proved safe. Under the precautional rule, the absence or deficiency of grounds refering the harmful nature of a substance or pattern can non function as a justification for detaining action to modulate them ( Raffensperger and Tickner, 1999 ) . For illustration, the issue of planetary warming normally includes statements that either favour business- as -usual or the precautional rule. Oppositions against the rule base their statements on scientific uncertainness sing how worlds have contributed to climate alteration and the badness of effects that may happen. They by and large advocate for farther research to cut down the uncertainnesss before dearly-won emission-reduction policies are implemented. Advocates of the precautional attack on the other manus argue that the likely inauspicious effects of the accretion of nursery gases in the ambiance are serious plenty to warrant potentially dearly-won ordinance despite staying uncertainnesss. Its part to long term, multigenerational effects of policy determinations has been emphasized nevertheless it can non individual -handedly provide a practical usher to covering with wicked jobs.

World War I ( Wwi ) - 1307 Words

World War I (WWI) brought unprecedented change to the world. Never before had the entire world engaged in such brutal conflict. World War I brought about great pain and sorrow for the whole world. Even countries who were not directly involved in front line combat bore the suffering of financial and social limitations that affected the entire world during this time. The young and still forming country, Australia, was also deeply impacted and permanently changed by WWI. Australia’s close connection to Britain, its mother country, meant that Australia fell into the grip of all that World War I brought to the rest of the world. Approximately 416,809 Australian troops were sent to support Britain in WWI. The majority of these troops were young men with the rest of their lives still ahead of them. 60,000 Australian soldiers were killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner. There were also more than 2,000 nurses that were sent from Australia to help care for wounded soldiers. Every community across Australia was impacted by World War I in some way. There were many underlying tensions that led to the outbreak of WWI in 1914. The main tensions were between the dominant European countries of the time. These countries were caught in a power struggle that divided Europe. France, Russia, Belgium and Greece formed an alliance against Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Immense political, territorial, and economic conflicts were occurring between these two groups. BothShow MoreRelatedWorld War I ( Wwi )959 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I (WWI) had many main events from 1914 – 1918. It was known as the Great War and the war to end all wars. It also introduced us to many new technology to including Barbed wire, machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airships, aircraft s, new naval vessels and tanks. All these wartime machines and equipment resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war. This First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in EuropeRea d MoreThe World War I ( Wwi )4059 Words   |  17 PagesAt the precipice of World War I (WWI), the United States Army enlisted the help of women nurses resulting in a growth of economic opportunities for women in the nursing field. Before the war women were confined to their stereotype of a being delicate, motherly, and fragile. The war served as an opportunity for women, including nurses, to prove themselves to be more than their stereotype and be involved in the community rather than always sitting behind a man. Propaganda encouraged women to be moreRead MoreWhat Did The Wwi Made The World War I?1796 Words   |  8 Pagesoutbreak of WWI (World War I), the world was under a huge changing period regarding technologies, ideologies and civilizations. Impacts were inevitable from war, thousands of sacrifices, ruined families, and even the fall of countries. 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Though many people considered it a pointless war with manyRead MoreWar : The War Of American Citizens, And For The Security Of The American Republic1679 Words   |  7 Pages War shapes the future by the blood spilt on the battlefield settling the conflicts that caused the rage in the first place. As soldiers die for the ideology of a small group of men, it feeds the fire that creates a horrific picture. Now, I did not have these thoughts as a younger man but rather had a glorious and Hollywood picture instead. Growing up, war was necessary to accomplish the objective moral ideals of goodness. American Senator William E. Borah of Idaho said it best as he voted to declareRead MoreWorld War I and How It May Have Paved the Way for World War II798 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War I Continued The questioned raised is whether or not I believe that WWII was a continuation of WWI. I do believe WWII happened as a result of some of the things which came out of WWI, however, not necessarily as a continuation. Although both wars had similarities, they were both fought between different groups of countries and both for different reasons. There were different alliances in both wars. WWI and WWII were the largest military battles in human history. In WWI, WoodrowRead MoreThe Advanced Technology Of World War I1634 Words   |  7 Pagesof World War I influence how war was fought? Stacy Shaw Word Count: â€Æ' Stacy Shaw Historical Investigation Paper 2/26/17 For my research paper I have chosen to research how the advanced technology of WWI influenced how war was fought. In this paper I will analyze how wars were fought before WWI and how during the war, new advancements changed the future of warfare. Themes about WWI the paper will include are weapons, vehicles, aircraft, ships, the frontline and support. For my first source I usedRead MoreWorld War One Heritage And Remembrance913 Words   |  4 PagesThe war has always acted as a vicious muse for songwriters. Since Antiquity, it has inspired a vast song repertoire, which has been able to describe tragic events in a vivid and striking way. Governments and rulers used and are still using music with propagandistic and mass control aims; patriotic composers consecrate their works to glorify belligerent ideals and galvanise the troops, while pacifist or subversive ones tries to condemn warfare. Music is also extensively used after wars with commemorativeRead MoreCanada and the Air Force Wwi and Wwii1379 Words   |  6 PagesTraining of Air Force Personnel Canada’s role from WWI to WWII Introduction In the 20th-century Canada in support of its closest ally â€Å"Great Britain† participated in two world wars. These were wars with new technology, specifically the â€Å"fixed wing aircraft† which gave birth to a new battlefield â€Å"the sky†. This changed the tactics of previous wars, the airplane was capable of many duties; ranging from aerial reconnaissance to ground attack to the tactical and strategic bombing, both by day and